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Presencia de cadmio (Cd) en el cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) de exportación
| dc.contributor.advisor | Cadena Piedrahita, Dalton Leonardo | |
| dc.contributor.author | Alvarez Velastegui, Julio Gabriel | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-05-26T16:24:14Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2021-05-26T16:24:14Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2021 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://dspace.utb.edu.ec/handle/49000/9356 | |
| dc.description | Currently, according to soil quality criteria, Ministerial Agreement 097 - Annex 2 of the Environmental Quality Standard for soil resources and remediation criteria for contaminated soils, of the Ministry of the Environment of Ecuador, the normal value is 0.5 mg / kg of cadmium. Although cadmium in the soil is found in various natural forms, volcanic activity (including underground volcanism) is considered the largest natural source of cadmium release into the atmosphere. Among the main anthropogenic sources of cadmium in the soil, we can say that the direct application of phosphate fertilizers to soils occupies one of the first places. Phosphate fertilizers are one of the most ubiquitous sources of cadmium contamination in agricultural soils around the world, as cadmium often occurs in high concentrations in the phosphate rocks from which the fertilizer is produced. The bioavailability of cadmium to cocoa plants depends on several factors: CEC, pH, organic matter, soil texture, electrical conductivity, macro and micronutrients, influence of soil microorganisms on the behavior of cadmium in soils. In 2014, EU Regulation No. 488/2014 was issued, which establishes the maximum cadmium limits for chocolates and other derivatives. In accordance with the transition period of 5 years, compliance with it was required as of January 1, 2019. Several investigations carried out in our country have reported the presence of Cd at toxic levels in cocoa soils and cocoa beans with amounts greater than 1 mg / kg of Cd: in the provinces of El Oro, Guayas, Zamora, Los Ríos, Francisco de Orellana, Esmeraldas and the tropical part of Pichincha. So far, a value of 4,08 mg/kg of Cd has been found in almonds, which is the highest in the Province of El Oro; They are followed by Guayas and Manabí with 3,57 and 3,46 mg/kg, respectively. As for the province of Los Ríos, there is an average of 0,57 mg/kg, with a minimum of 0,23 mg/kg and a maximum of 1,23 mg/kg. The population intake of cadmium of products containing cocoa and derivatives ranges between 0,005 to 0,39 ug/kg of body weight per month, which is equivalent to 0,02 – 1,6 % tolerance, for people who mostly consume these products their This percentage will be considered from 30 to 69 % for adults and 96 % for children, not causing these reasons of concern to consumers. | es_ES |
| dc.description | Currently, according to soil quality criteria, Ministerial Agreement 097 - Annex 2 of the Environmental Quality Standard for soil resources and remediation criteria for contaminated soils, of the Ministry of the Environment of Ecuador, the normal value is 0.5 mg / kg of cadmium. Although cadmium in the soil is found in various natural forms, volcanic activity (including underground volcanism) is considered the largest natural source of cadmium release into the atmosphere. Among the main anthropogenic sources of cadmium in the soil, we can say that the direct application of phosphate fertilizers to soils occupies one of the first places. Phosphate fertilizers are one of the most ubiquitous sources of cadmium contamination in agricultural soils around the world, as cadmium often occurs in high concentrations in the phosphate rocks from which the fertilizer is produced. The bioavailability of cadmium to cocoa plants depends on several factors: CEC, pH, organic matter, soil texture, electrical conductivity, macro and micronutrients, influence of soil microorganisms on the behavior of cadmium in soils. In 2014, EU Regulation No. 488/2014 was issued, which establishes the maximum cadmium limits for chocolates and other derivatives. In accordance with the transition period of 5 years, compliance with it was required as of January 1, 2019. Several investigations carried out in our country have reported the presence of Cd at toxic levels in cocoa soils and cocoa beans with amounts greater than 1 mg / kg of Cd: in the provinces of El Oro, Guayas, Zamora, Los Ríos, Francisco de Orellana, Esmeraldas and the tropical part of Pichincha. So far, a value of 4,08 mg/kg of Cd has been found in almonds, which is the highest in the Province of El Oro; They are followed by Guayas and Manabí with 3,57 and 3,46 mg/kg, respectively. As for the province of Los Ríos, there is an average of 0,57 mg/kg, with a minimum of 0,23 mg/kg and a maximum of 1,23 mg/kg. The population intake of cadmium of products containing cocoa and derivatives ranges between 0,005 to 0,39 ug/kg of body weight per month, which is equivalent to 0,02 – 1,6 % tolerance, for people who mostly consume these products their This percentage will be considered from 30 to 69 % for adults and 96 % for children, not causing these reasons of concern to consumers. | es_ES |
| dc.description.abstract | “Presencia de cadmio (Cd) en el cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) de exportación”. Actualmente conforme a criterio de calidad del suelo, Acuerdo Ministerial 097 – Anexo 2 de Norma de Calidad ambiental del recurso suelo y criterios de remediación para suelos contaminados, del Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador, el valor normal es 0,5 mg/kg de cadmio. Aunque el cadmio en el suelo se encuentra de diversas formas naturales, la actividad volcánica (incluyendo el vulcanismo subterráneo) es considerada la mayor fuente natural de liberación de cadmio a la atmósfera. Dentro de las principales fuentes antropogénicas de cadmio en el suelo, podemos decir que la aplicación directa a los suelos de fertilizantes de fosfato ocupa uno de los primeros lugares. Los fertilizantes de fosfato son una de las fuentes más ubicuas de contaminación con cadmio en los suelos agrícolas de todo el mundo, ya que el cadmio a menudo ocurre en altas concentraciones en las rocas de fosfato de las que se produce el fertilizante. La biodisponibilidad de cadmio a las plantas de cacao depende de varios factores: CIC, pH, materia orgánica, textura del suelo, conductividad eléctrica, macro y micronutrientes, influencia de los microorganismos del suelo sobre el comportamiento del cadmio en los suelos. En 2014 se emite el Reglamento UE n.º 488/2014, que establece los límites máximos de cadmio para chocolates y otros derivados. De acuerdo con el plazo de transición de 5 años, se exigió su cumplimiento a partir del 1 de enero de 2019. Varias investigaciones realizadas en nuestro país han reportado la presencia de Cd en niveles tóxicos en suelos cacaoteros y almendras de cacao con cantidades superiores a 1 mg/kg de Cd: en las provincias de El Oro, Guayas, Zamora, Los Ríos, Francisco de Orellana, Esmeraldas y la parte tropical de Pichincha. Hasta el momento se ha encontrado un valor de 4,08 mg/kg de Cd en la almendra, que es el más elevado en la Provincia de El Oro; le siguen Guayas y Manabí con 3,57 y 3,46 mg/kg, respectivamente. En cuanto a la provincia de Los Ríos se encuentra un promedio de 0,57 mg/kg, con un de mínimo 0,23 mg/kg y un máximo de 1,23 mg/kg. La ingesta de cadmio poblacional de productos que contengan cacao y derivados van entre 0,005 a 0,39 ug/kg de peso corporal al mes lo cual equivale a 0,02 – 1,6 % de tolerancia, para personas que consumen mayormente estos productos su porcentaje será considerado de 30 a 69 % para adultos y 96 % para niños no causando estos motivos de intranquilidad a los consumidores. | es_ES |
| dc.format.extent | 29 p. | es_ES |
| dc.language.iso | es | es_ES |
| dc.publisher | BABAHOYO: UTB, 2021 | es_ES |
| dc.rights | Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Ecuador | * |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ec/ | * |
| dc.subject | Cadmio | es_ES |
| dc.subject | Cacao | es_ES |
| dc.subject | Almendra | es_ES |
| dc.subject | Exportación | es_ES |
| dc.title | Presencia de cadmio (Cd) en el cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) de exportación | es_ES |
| dc.type | bachelorThesis | es_ES |
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