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Eficiencia de fungicidas para el control de Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet en Banano (Musa acuminata AAA) en la provincia de Los Ríos
| dc.contributor.advisor | Belezaca Pinargote, Carlos | |
| dc.contributor.author | Suarez García, Luis Adrián | |
| dc.contributor.author | Fuentes Fajardo, Miguel Ángel | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-11-23T16:25:54Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2021-11-23T16:25:54Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2021 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://dspace.utb.edu.ec/handle/49000/10629 | |
| dc.description | The management of the disease known as Black Sigatoka in banana, caused by the ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet, is a real problem for the sustainable production of banana cultivation in Ecuador, since its control currently represents between 20% and 30% of production costs, due to the large amount of fungicides that must be used and the high number of application cycles required to control it, annually, with the consequent underlying environmental impacts. In order to establish economically viable and ecologically sustainable strategies for the management of the disease, it was proposed to study the use of several molecules with antifungal capacity against M. fijiensis and application frequencies in productive commercial banana plantations, and an experimental plantation to template level. Two experiments were established: A) The effect of two management strategies (treatments) of M. fijiensis was compared, based on the combination of systemic fungicides and protectants with different active ingredients, application frequencies, rotation and number of cycles per year. For this purpose, three plantations were selected that for several years used a strategy based on "lower load of fungicides" (Table 1), and three plantations based on a "greater load of fungicides" (Table 2), where for five years early infection was evaluated weekly in the fourth and fifth leaf, the total number of leaves in plants of three meters in height, zero weeks and eleven weeks. Additionally, the production costs generated with each strategy were analyzed. B) The effect of four groups of antifungal active ingredients (treatments) was studied, for which four rectangular plots of 720 m2 were established, within which 62 Williams variety banana plants were planted, to which the fungicides of according to the treatments. The percentage of leaf area affected (AFA%) by the disease, protection time / residuality (days) exerted by the antifungal active ingredients applied to the leaves from the moment of application, until the leaf ceases to be functional, was evaluated. number of photosynthetically active or functional leaves. The strategy based on a “lower load of fungicides” caused lower percentages of infection during the five years of evaluation. In the fourth sheet a reduction of 81.0%, 77.1%, 87.3%, 100, and 67.7% was found, while in the fifth sheet the reduction was 67.5%, 25.2%, 56.9%, 87.4%, and 19, 7%, for the years 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively, compared to the percentages of infection generated by the strategy based on a “higher load of fungicides”. At the same time, the strategy based on a "lower fungicide load" generated higher values than the "higher fungicide load" strategy, with differences of 3.7%, 1.4%, 2.1%, 4.2%, and 4.5% for the number of leaves in plants of zero weeks of the years 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, while in plants of eleven weeks these differences occurred in the years 2015 and 2018, with 8.4%, and 6.3%, respectively. The reduction in production costs (USD ha-1 year) generated by the “lower fungicide load” strategy during the five years that the study lasted, was within the range of 25.7% (324.33 USD) to 42.8% (690.04 USD). On the other hand, the active ingredients of group 1 of fungicides (Epoxiconazole, Fenpropimorph, Metiram, Pyraclostrobin, Epoxiconazole, Boscalid, Diethofencarb) applied alone or in combinations during 12 cycles, generated the lowest percentages of AFA in the 12 application cycles, with AFA% ranges that were between 1.8 to 4.9 times, 1.3 to 5.1 times, and 4.4 to 11.1 times lower than those generated by groups 2, 3 and 4 (agricultural oil) of fungicides. These results show that there is no uniformity in the control capacity of each group of active ingredients, and that on the contrary it is common to detect this variability in the control of the disease. | es_ES |
| dc.description | The management of the disease known as Black Sigatoka in banana, caused by the ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet, is a real problem for the sustainable production of banana cultivation in Ecuador, since its control currently represents between 20% and 30% of production costs, due to the large amount of fungicides that must be used and the high number of application cycles required to control it, annually, with the consequent underlying environmental impacts. In order to establish economically viable and ecologically sustainable strategies for the management of the disease, it was proposed to study the use of several molecules with antifungal capacity against M. fijiensis and application frequencies in productive commercial banana plantations, and an experimental plantation to template level. Two experiments were established: A) The effect of two management strategies (treatments) of M. fijiensis was compared, based on the combination of systemic fungicides and protectants with different active ingredients, application frequencies, rotation and number of cycles per year. For this purpose, three plantations were selected that for several years used a strategy based on "lower load of fungicides" (Table 1), and three plantations based on a "greater load of fungicides" (Table 2), where for five years early infection was evaluated weekly in the fourth and fifth leaf, the total number of leaves in plants of three meters in height, zero weeks and eleven weeks. Additionally, the production costs generated with each strategy were analyzed. B) The effect of four groups of antifungal active ingredients (treatments) was studied, for which four rectangular plots of 720 m2 were established, within which 62 Williams variety banana plants were planted, to which the fungicides of according to the treatments. The percentage of leaf area affected (AFA%) by the disease, protection time / residuality (days) exerted by the antifungal active ingredients applied to the leaves from the moment of application, until the leaf ceases to be functional, was evaluated. number of photosynthetically active or functional leaves. The strategy based on a “lower load of fungicides” caused lower percentages of infection during the five years of evaluation. In the fourth sheet a reduction of 81.0%, 77.1%, 87.3%, 100, and 67.7% was found, while in the fifth sheet the reduction was 67.5%, 25.2%, 56.9%, 87.4%, and 19, 7%, for the years 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively, compared to the percentages of infection generated by the strategy based on a “higher load of fungicides”. At the same time, the strategy based on a "lower fungicide load" generated higher values than the "higher fungicide load" strategy, with differences of 3.7%, 1.4%, 2.1%, 4.2%, and 4.5% for the number of leaves in plants of zero weeks of the years 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, while in plants of eleven weeks these differences occurred in the years 2015 and 2018, with 8.4%, and 6.3%, respectively. The reduction in production costs (USD ha-1 year) generated by the “lower fungicide load” strategy during the five years that the study lasted, was within the range of 25.7% (324.33 USD) to 42.8% (690.04 USD). On the other hand, the active ingredients of group 1 of fungicides (Epoxiconazole, Fenpropimorph, Metiram, Pyraclostrobin, Epoxiconazole, Boscalid, Diethofencarb) applied alone or in combinations during 12 cycles, generated the lowest percentages of AFA in the 12 application cycles, with AFA% ranges that were between 1.8 to 4.9 times, 1.3 to 5.1 times, and 4.4 to 11.1 times lower than those generated by groups 2, 3 and 4 (agricultural oil) of fungicides. These results show that there is no uniformity in the control capacity of each group of active ingredients, and that on the contrary it is common to detect this variability in the control of the disease. | es_ES |
| dc.description.abstract | El manejo de la enfermedad conocida como Sigatoka negra en banano, causada por el hongo ascomicete Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet, es un verdadero problema para la producción sostenible del cultivo de banano en Ecuador, ya que su control representa actualmente entre el 20% y 30% de los costos de producción, debido a la gran cantidad de fungicidas que deben de usarse y el elevado número de ciclos de aplicación que demanda el control de la misma, anualmente, con los consecuentes impactos ambientales subyacentes. Con el propósito de establecer estrategias económicamente viables y ecológicamente sustentables para el manejo de la enfermedad, se planteó estudiar el uso de varias moléculas con capacidad antifúngica frente a M. fijiensis y frecuencias de aplicación en plantaciones comerciales productivas de banano, y una plantación experimental a nivel de plantilla. Se establecieron dos experimentos: A) Se comparó el efecto de dos estrategias de manejo (tratamientos) de M. fijiensis, basadas en la combinación de fungicidas sistémicos y protectantes con diferentes ingredientes activos, frecuencias de aplicación, rotación y números de ciclos al año. Para el efecto, se seleccionaron tres plantaciones que por varios años emplearon una estrategia basada en “menor carga de fungicidas” (Tabla 1), y tres plantaciones basadas en una “mayor carga de fungicidas” (Tabla 2), donde durante cinco años se avaluó semanalmente la infección temprana en la cuarta y quinta hoja, el número total de hojas en plantas de tres metros de altura, de cero semanas y once semanas. Adicionalmente, se analizó los costos de producción generados con cada estrategia. B) Se estudió el efecto de cuatro grupos de ingredientes activos antifúngicos (tratamientos), para lo cual se establecieron cuatro parcelas rectangulares de 720 m2, dentro de las cuales se sembraron 62 plantas de banano variedad Williams, a las que se aplicó los fungicidas de acuerdo a los tratamientos. Se evaluó el porcentaje de área foliar afectada (AFA%) por la enfermedad, tiempo de protección/residualidad (días) ejercido por los ingredientes activos antifúngicos aplicados en las hojas desde el momento de la aplicación, hasta que la hoja deja de ser funcional, número de hojas fotosintéticamente activas o funcionales. La estrategia basada en una “menor carga de fungicidas” provocó menores porcentajes de infección durante los cinco años de evaluación. En la cuarta hoja se encontró una reducción del 81.0%, 77.1%, 87.3%, 100, y 67.7%, mientras que en la quinta hoja la reducción fue de 67.5%, 25.2%, 56.9%, 87,4%, y 19,7%, para los años 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, y 2019, respectivamente, frente a los porcentajes de infección generados por la estrategia basada en una “mayor carga de fungicidas”. Paralelamente, la estrategia basada en una “menor carga de fungicidas” generó valores superiores a la estrategia “mayor carga de fungicidas”, con diferencias de 3.7%, 1,4%, 2.1%, 4.2%, y 4.5% para el número de hojas en plantas de cero semanas de los años 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, y 2019, mientras que en plantas de once semanas estas diferencias se dieron en los años 2015 y 2018, con 8.4%, y 6.3%, respectivamente. La reducción de los costos de producción (USD ha-1 año) generados por la estrategia “menor carga de fungicidas” durante los cinco años que duró el estudio, estuvo dentro del rango del 25.7% (324.33 USD) a 42.8% (690.04 USD). Por otra parte, los ingredientes activos del grupo 1 de fungicidas (Epoxiconazole, Fenpropimorph, Metiram, Pyraclostrobin, Epoxiconazole, Boscalid, Diethofencarb) aplicados solos o en combinaciones durante 12 ciclos, generaron los menores porcentajes de AFA en los 12 ciclos de aplicación, con rangos de AFA% que fueron entre 1.8 a 4.9 veces, 1.3 a 5.1 veces, y 4.4 a 11.1 veces menores a los generados por los grupos 2, 3 y 4 (aceite agrícola) de fungicidas. Estos resultados dan cuenta que no hay uniformidad en la capacidad de control de cada grupo de ingredientes activos, y que por el contrario es común detectar esta variabilidad en el control de la enfermedad. | es_ES |
| dc.format.extent | 85 p. | es_ES |
| dc.language.iso | es | es_ES |
| dc.publisher | BABAHOYO: UTB, 2021 | es_ES |
| dc.rights | Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Ecuador | * |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ec/ | * |
| dc.subject | Área foliar afectada (AFA%) | es_ES |
| dc.subject | Hojas funcionales | es_ES |
| dc.subject | Infección temprana | es_ES |
| dc.subject | Residualidad | es_ES |
| dc.title | Eficiencia de fungicidas para el control de Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet en Banano (Musa acuminata AAA) en la provincia de Los Ríos | es_ES |
| dc.type | masterThesis | es_ES |
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