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Sustentabilidad de fincas productoras de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el cantón Puebloviejo de la Provincia de Los Ríos
| dc.contributor.advisor | Alcívar Torres, Luis Antonio | |
| dc.contributor.author | Pino Meléndez, Vanessa Elizabeth | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-07-30T17:13:22Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2021-07-30T17:13:22Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2021 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://dspace.utb.edu.ec/handle/49000/10072 | |
| dc.description | The general objective of this research was: To evaluate the sustainability of cocoa-producing farms in the Puebloviejo canton, Los Ríos province, and as specific objectives: i) Build sustainability indicators based on pest management in cocoa cultivation, ii ) Characterize the cocoa-producing farms, with emphasis on pest management in the Puebloviejo canton of the Los Ríos province, Ecuador, iii) Determine the sustainability of the cocoa-producing farms established with national varieties and CCN 51. 8 indicators were constructed in the ecological dimension: Competition for weeds, incidence of insects-plagues, presence of insects that seriously affect the crop, diseases that mainly affect the crop, frequency of pesticide applications, type of agrochemicals applied, insect management -Pest / diseases, and Integrated Pest Management. The investigation of the characteristics of the producer and the cocoa-producing farms was carried out in 101 farms in the San Juan, Puebloviejo and Puerto Pechiche parishes, belonging to the Puebloviejo canton, in the Los Ríos province. The characterization determined important aspects of the producers, in the economic, ecological and sociocultural dimensions, among them, predominant gender, age, access to education, monthly income, destination of animal production, housing ownership and others. In the ecological dimension, the characterization carried out showed that Moniliasis is the main phytosanitary problem of cocoa, the mule ants (Atta. spp. and Acromyrmex spp.) are the main insects that affect cocoa and most of the cocoa crops they have a slight incidence of weeds, a majority group of cocoa producers carry out pest control combining cultural control and chemical control; in general, pruning is done once a year, most growers pile up diseased fruit and most do not use organic products. The characterization also allowed to know that the annual cocoa production varies, being <225 Kg / ha-1 (49%), most of the producers sell the cocoa in dry state (73%), they use ≤ 1 marketing channel (94%), have not received any type of credit from any source of financing (92%) and most of the cocoa trees do not have water for irrigation, that is, they depend on rainfall (62%). To determine sustainability, the economic, ecological and sociocultural dimensions were considered, the National cocoa producing farms obtained a General Sustainability Index (ISG) of 1,89, achieving a value of 3,0 only in the Sociocultural Indicator (ISC), the economic dimensions and ecological, reached an Economic Indicator (IK) of 1,2 and an Ecological Indicator (IE) of 1,5, respectively. The CCN-51 cocoa-producing farms, achieved a General Sustainability Index (ISG) of 2,26, reaching a value of 3,8 only in the Sociocultural Indicator (ISC), the economic and ecological dimensions, reached an Economic Indicator (IK) of 1,5 and an Ecological Indicator (EI) of 1,5, respectively. According to the research carried out on the 101 farms studied, 20% of the farms are economically sustainable, 4% ecologically sustainable, and 100% socioculturally sustainable. But only 1% of cocoa-producing farms met all the sustainability requirements, since in the methodology used, all dimensions must reach a value greater than 2 and the General Sustainability Index (ISG) must be greater than 2 The results show that important improvements must be made in the evaluated variables, especially in those that obtained values lower than 2, which will lead to the optimization of resources, aimed at improving the productive units in the Puebloviejo canton. | es_ES |
| dc.description | The general objective of this research was: To evaluate the sustainability of cocoa-producing farms in the Puebloviejo canton, Los Ríos province, and as specific objectives: i) Build sustainability indicators based on pest management in cocoa cultivation, ii ) Characterize the cocoa-producing farms, with emphasis on pest management in the Puebloviejo canton of the Los Ríos province, Ecuador, iii) Determine the sustainability of the cocoa-producing farms established with national varieties and CCN 51. 8 indicators were constructed in the ecological dimension: Competition for weeds, incidence of insects-plagues, presence of insects that seriously affect the crop, diseases that mainly affect the crop, frequency of pesticide applications, type of agrochemicals applied, insect management -Pest / diseases, and Integrated Pest Management. The investigation of the characteristics of the producer and the cocoa-producing farms was carried out in 101 farms in the San Juan, Puebloviejo and Puerto Pechiche parishes, belonging to the Puebloviejo canton, in the Los Ríos province. The characterization determined important aspects of the producers, in the economic, ecological and sociocultural dimensions, among them, predominant gender, age, access to education, monthly income, destination of animal production, housing ownership and others. In the ecological dimension, the characterization carried out showed that Moniliasis is the main phytosanitary problem of cocoa, the mule ants (Atta. spp. and Acromyrmex spp.) are the main insects that affect cocoa and most of the cocoa crops they have a slight incidence of weeds, a majority group of cocoa producers carry out pest control combining cultural control and chemical control; in general, pruning is done once a year, most growers pile up diseased fruit and most do not use organic products. The characterization also allowed to know that the annual cocoa production varies, being <225 Kg / ha-1 (49%), most of the producers sell the cocoa in dry state (73%), they use ≤ 1 marketing channel (94%), have not received any type of credit from any source of financing (92%) and most of the cocoa trees do not have water for irrigation, that is, they depend on rainfall (62%). To determine sustainability, the economic, ecological and sociocultural dimensions were considered, the National cocoa producing farms obtained a General Sustainability Index (ISG) of 1,89, achieving a value of 3,0 only in the Sociocultural Indicator (ISC), the economic dimensions and ecological, reached an Economic Indicator (IK) of 1,2 and an Ecological Indicator (IE) of 1,5, respectively. The CCN-51 cocoa-producing farms, achieved a General Sustainability Index (ISG) of 2,26, reaching a value of 3,8 only in the Sociocultural Indicator (ISC), the economic and ecological dimensions, reached an Economic Indicator (IK) of 1,5 and an Ecological Indicator (EI) of 1,5, respectively. According to the research carried out on the 101 farms studied, 20% of the farms are economically sustainable, 4% ecologically sustainable, and 100% socioculturally sustainable. But only 1% of cocoa-producing farms met all the sustainability requirements, since in the methodology used, all dimensions must reach a value greater than 2 and the General Sustainability Index (ISG) must be greater than 2 The results show that important improvements must be made in the evaluated variables, especially in those that obtained values lower than 2, which will lead to the optimization of resources, aimed at improving the productive units in the Puebloviejo canton. | es_ES |
| dc.description.abstract | La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general: Evaluar la sustentabilidad de fincas productoras de cacao en el cantón Puebloviejo, provincia de Los Ríos, y como objetivos específicos: i) Construir indicadores de sustentabilidad basados en el manejo de plagas en el cultivo de cacao, ii) Caracterizar las fincas productoras de cacao, con énfasis en el manejo de plagas en el cantón Puebloviejo de la provincia de Los Ríos, Ecuador, iii) Determinar la sustentabilidad de las fincas productoras de cacao establecidas con las variedades de tipo nacional y CCN 51. Se construyeron 8 indicadores en la dimensión ecológica: Competencia por malezas, incidencia de insectos-plaga, presencia de insectos que afectan gravemente el cultivo, enfermedades que afectan mayormente al cultivo, frecuencia de aplicaciones de agrotóxicos, tipo de agroquímicos que aplica, gestión de insectos-plagas/enfermedades, y Manejo Integrado de Plagas. La investigación de las características del productor y de las fincas productoras de cacao se realizó en 101 fincas de las parroquias San Juan, Puebloviejo y Puerto Pechiche, pertenecientes al cantón Puebloviejo, de la provincia de Los Ríos. La caracterización determinó aspectos importantes de los productores, en las dimensiones económicas, ecológicas y socioculturales, entre ellos, género predominante, edad, acceso a educación, ingresos mensuales, destino de la producción de animales, tenencia de la vivienda y otros. En la dimensión ecológica, la caracterización realizada mostró que la Moniliasis es el principal problema fitosanitario de cacao, las hormigas arrieras (Atta. spp. y Acromyrmex spp.) son los principales insectos que afectan al cacao y la mayor parte de los cultivos de cacao tienen una leve incidencia de malezas, un grupo mayoritario de productores de cacao realizan control de plagas combinando el control cultural y el control químico; por lo general las podas se realizan una vez al año, la mayor parte de los productores amontona los frutos enfermos y en su mayoría no utilizan productos orgánicos. La caracterización también permitió conocer que la producción anual de cacao varía, siendo <225 Kg/ha-1 (49%), la mayor parte de los productores vende el cacao en estado seco (73%), utilizan ≤ 1 canal de comercialización (94%), no han recibido ningún tipo de crédito por parte de alguna fuente de financiamiento (92%) y la mayor parte de los cacaoteros no dispone de agua para riego, es decir, dependen de las precipitaciones (62%). Para determinar la sustentabilidad se consideraron las dimensiones económica, ecológica y sociocultural, las fincas productoras de cacao Nacional, obtuvieron un Índice General de Sustentabilidad (ISG) de 1,89, logrando un valor de 3,0 solo en el Indicador Sociocultural (ISC), las dimensiones económica y ecológica, alcanzaron un Indicador Económico (IK) de 1,2 y un Indicador Ecológico (IE) de 1,5, respectivamente. Las fincas productoras de cacao CCN-51, lograron un Índice General de Sustentabilidad (ISG) de 2,26, alcanzando un valor de 3,8 solo en el Indicador Sociocultural (ISC), las dimensiones económica y ecológica, alcanzaron un Indicador Económico (IK) de 1,5 y un Indicador Ecológico (IE) de 1,5, respectivamente. Según la investigación realizada de las 101 fincas estudiadas, el 20% de las fincas son económicamente sustentables, 4% ecológicamente sustentables y 100% socioculturalmente sustentables. Pero solamente el 1% de fincas productoras de cacao, cumplieron con todos los requisitos de la sustentabilidad, puesto que en la metodología utilizada todas las dimensiones deben alcanzar un valor superior a 2 y el Índice General de Sustentabilidad (ISG) debe ser mayor a 2. Los resultados muestran que se deben realizar mejoras importantes en las variables evaluadas, sobre todo en aquellas que se obtuvieron valores inferiores a 2, lo que conllevará a la optimización de los recursos, encaminados al mejoramiento de las unidades de productivas en el cantón Puebloviejo. | es_ES |
| dc.format.extent | 127 p. | es_ES |
| dc.language.iso | es | es_ES |
| dc.publisher | BABAHOYO: UTB, 2021 | es_ES |
| dc.rights | Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Ecuador | * |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ec/ | * |
| dc.subject | Caracterización | es_ES |
| dc.subject | Sustentabilidad | es_ES |
| dc.subject | Dimensión económica | es_ES |
| dc.subject | Indicadores | es_ES |
| dc.title | Sustentabilidad de fincas productoras de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el cantón Puebloviejo de la Provincia de Los Ríos | es_ES |
| dc.type | masterThesis | es_ES |
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