Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica
http://dspace.utb.edu.ec/handle/49000/8
2024-03-29T07:25:16ZEnfermedades del cultivo de haba (Vicia faba L), en la parroquia El Ángel, cantón Espejo, Carchi.
http://dspace.utb.edu.ec/handle/49000/15553
Enfermedades del cultivo de haba (Vicia faba L), en la parroquia El Ángel, cantón Espejo, Carchi.
Yandún Godoy, Estalin Mauricio
El haba es un cultivo típico de la zona alta del Ecuador, que pertenece a la familia
de las leguminosas, su consumo es muy popular en todo el país, tanto en vaina
verde, como en grano seco.
Este trabajo de investigación tuvo como finalidad determinar las enfermedades que
afectan al cultivo de haba, en la parroquia El Ángel, cantón Espejo, Carchi. Para
poder efectuar un control adecuado y oportuno, que reduzca el índice de daños en
el cultivo, mejorando los resultados de producción y rentabilidad para el productor.
Las enfermedades que originan daños al cultivo de haba y de mayor problema para
los productores de la zona son: La mancha de chocolate (Botrytis fabae), mancha
de ascochyta, pudrición de la raíz y Roya (Uromyces fabae).
La mancha de chocolate considerada como la enfermedad de mayor importancia
en el cultivo de haba, presenta en el haz y envés de las hojas manchas de color
café chocolate de forma circular u oval, también se puede presentar en los tallos,
flores y frutos, cuando las condiciones ambientales sean favorables.
La mayoría de los productores siembran la variedad criolla machetona, empleando
productos químicos para el control de las enfermedades y además, los productores
de la zona de estudio no han recibido capacitaciones sobre el uso correcto de los
fungicidas
The broad bean is a typical crop from the highlands of Ecuador, which belongs to
the legume family, its consumption is very popular throughout the country, both in
green pods and dry grains.
The purpose of this research work was to determine the diseases that affect the
broad bean crop, in the El Ángel parish, Espejo canton, Carchi. In order to carry out
adequate and timely control, which reduces the rate of damage to the crop,
improving production results and profitability for the producer.
The diseases that cause damage to the broad bean crop and are the biggest
problem for producers in the area are: Chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae), Ascochyta
spot, root rot and Rust (Uromyces fabae).
The chocolate spot is considered the most important disease in broad bean
cultivation, it presents circular or oval chocolate-brown spots on the upper side and
underside of the leaves, it can also occur on the stems, flowers and fruits, when
environmental conditions are favourable.
Most of the producers sow the machetona criolla variety, using chemical products
to control diseases and, in addition, the producers in the study area have not
received training on the correct use of fungicides; The broad bean is a typical crop from the highlands of Ecuador, which belongs to
the legume family, its consumption is very popular throughout the country, both in
green pods and dry grains.
The purpose of this research work was to determine the diseases that affect the
broad bean crop, in the El Ángel parish, Espejo canton, Carchi. In order to carry out
adequate and timely control, which reduces the rate of damage to the crop,
improving production results and profitability for the producer.
The diseases that cause damage to the broad bean crop and are the biggest
problem for producers in the area are: Chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae), Ascochyta
spot, root rot and Rust (Uromyces fabae).
The chocolate spot is considered the most important disease in broad bean
cultivation, it presents circular or oval chocolate-brown spots on the upper side and
underside of the leaves, it can also occur on the stems, flowers and fruits, when
environmental conditions are favourable.
Most of the producers sow the machetona criolla variety, using chemical products
to control diseases and, in addition, the producers in the study area have not
received training on the correct use of fungicides
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZPrincipales plagas en el cultivo de aguacate (Persea americana), en la zona de Mira, cantón Mira, provincia de Carchi
http://dspace.utb.edu.ec/handle/49000/15552
Principales plagas en el cultivo de aguacate (Persea americana), en la zona de Mira, cantón Mira, provincia de Carchi
Palma Carrera, Christian Santiago
El aguacate ecuatoriano ha alcanzado notoriedad en los mercados internacionales, con ello devino para los agricultores del denominado oro verde, en Ecuador existen varios tipos de aguacates, los más consumidos a nivel nacional son aguacate Fuerte o guatemalteco, característico de la zona de la sierra ecuatoriana, de porte medio y color verde oscuro con piel lisa; y aguacate Hass, sembrado es su mayoría para la exportación, de porte pequeño y de color negro con piel rugosa.
Este trabajo de investigación tuvo como finalidad Identificar las principales plagas en el cultivo de aguacate (Persea americana), en la zona de Mira, cantón Mira, provincia de Carchi, para poder efectuar un control adecuado y oportuno, que reduzca el índice de daños en el cultivo, mejorando los resultados de producción y rentabilidad para el productor. Dentro de las plagas más dañinas están los trips que son insectos que causan daños en los frutos pequeños y el enrollador de la hoja el va causando enrollamiento de las hojas nuevas y desecándolas provocando así una quemadura de los brotes nuevos.
En cuanto a la calidad del mismo a los productores se recomienda realizar controles químicos a base de Abamectina para trips y Ciromazina para enrollador, con la ayuda también de las podas de aclareo, ya que estás prácticas disminuirían la presencia de plagas y el mejor manejo en la zona.
The Ecuadorian avocado has achieved notoriety in international markets, thereby becoming the so-called green gold for farmers. In Ecuador there are several types of avocados, the most consumed nationally are the Fuerte or Guatemalan avocado, characteristic of the Ecuadorian highland area, of medium size and dark green color with smooth skin; and Hass avocado, mostly planted for export, small in size and black in color with rough skin.
The purpose of this research work was to identify the main pests in the cultivation of avocado (Persea Americana), in the Mira area, Mira canton, Carchi province, in order to carry out adequate and timely control, which reduces the damage rate in the crop, improving production results and profitability for the producer. Among the most harmful pests are thrips, which are insects that cause damage to small fruits and the leaf roller, which causes the new leaves to curl and dry out, thus causing a burn to the new shoots.
Regarding its quality, producers are recommended to carry out chemical controls based on Abamectin for thrips and Cyromazine for leafrollers, also with the help of thinning pruning, since these practices would reduce the presence of pests and improve management in area.; The Ecuadorian avocado has achieved notoriety in international markets, thereby becoming the so-called green gold for farmers. In Ecuador there are several types of avocados, the most consumed nationally are the Fuerte or Guatemalan avocado, characteristic of the Ecuadorian highland area, of medium size and dark green color with smooth skin; and Hass avocado, mostly planted for export, small in size and black in color with rough skin.
The purpose of this research work was to identify the main pests in the cultivation of avocado (Persea Americana), in the Mira area, Mira canton, Carchi province, in order to carry out adequate and timely control, which reduces the damage rate in the crop, improving production results and profitability for the producer. Among the most harmful pests are thrips, which are insects that cause damage to small fruits and the leaf roller, which causes the new leaves to curl and dry out, thus causing a burn to the new shoots.
Regarding its quality, producers are recommended to carry out chemical controls based on Abamectin for thrips and Cyromazine for leafrollers, also with the help of thinning pruning, since these practices would reduce the presence of pests and improve management in area.
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZBiología e importancia de las avispa del género Brachymeria Westwood, 1829 (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) en el control biológico natural de insectos plagas
http://dspace.utb.edu.ec/handle/49000/15130
Biología e importancia de las avispa del género Brachymeria Westwood, 1829 (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) en el control biológico natural de insectos plagas
Mendieta Márquez, Dayanna Ivani
Los insectos de la orden himenóptera se encuentran entre los cuatro más diversos del mundo y juegan un papel fundamental en prácticamente todos los ecosistemas terrestres. Las avispas parasitoides de la familia Chalcididae, son consideradas avispas parasitoides primarios de los órdenes Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera e Hymenoptera. El presente trabajo investigativo, propone revisar la importancia del control biológico natural efectuado por las avispas parasitoides del género Brachymeria Westwood. La avispa parasitoide del genero Brachymeria se encuentra ampliamente distribuida y es considerada la avispa del género más común de parásitoides calcídidos de buen número de plagas de importancia agrícola a nivel mundial, así como también en el Ecuador. Los estadios larvales y pupa de la orden lepidóptera fueron los huéspedes màs comunes reportadas. Las especies Brachymeria presentes en el Ecuador son B. subrugosa, B. costalimai, B. mnestor, B. subconica, B. incerta y B. cabira. Las avispas parasitoides Brachymeria al ser reportado como controladores a insectos plagas se le debería realizar levantamientos de localidad y de huéspedes, principalmente a especies ecuatorianas para realizar estudios detallados de la biología como una herramienta que sirvan de recomendación de control biológico natural aumentativo e inoculativo en cultivos del Ecuador.
Insects of the order Hymenoptera are among the four most diverse in the world and play a fundamental role in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems. The parasitoid wasps of the Chalcididae family are considered primary parasitoid wasps of the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. The present investigative work proposes to review the importance of effective natural biological control by parasitoid wasps of the genus Brachymeri Westwood a . The parasitoid wasp of the genus Brachymeria is widely distributed and is considered the wasp of the most common genus of chalcidid parasites of a large number of pests of agricultural importance worldwide, as well as in Ecuador. The larval and pupal stages of the order lepidoptera were the most common hosts reported. The Brachymeria species present in Ecuador are B. subrugosa, B. costalimai, B. mnestor, B. subconica, B. incerta and B. cabira. The Brachymeria parasitoid wasps being reported as controllers of insect pests, locality and host surveys should be carried out, mainly Ecuadorian species to carry out detailed studies of biology as a tool that serve as recommendations for natural augmentative and inoculative biological control in crops from Ecuador.; Insects of the order Hymenoptera are among the four most diverse in the world and play a fundamental role in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems. The parasitoid wasps of the Chalcididae family are considered primary parasitoid wasps of the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. The present investigative work proposes to review the importance of effective natural biological control by parasitoid wasps of the genus Brachymeri Westwood a . The parasitoid wasp of the genus Brachymeria is widely distributed and is considered the wasp of the most common genus of chalcidid parasites of a large number of pests of agricultural importance worldwide, as well as in Ecuador. The larval and pupal stages of the order lepidoptera were the most common hosts reported. The Brachymeria species present in Ecuador are B. subrugosa, B. costalimai, B. mnestor, B. subconica, B. incerta and B. cabira. The Brachymeria parasitoid wasps being reported as controllers of insect pests, locality and host surveys should be carried out, mainly Ecuadorian species to carry out detailed studies of biology as a tool that serve as recommendations for natural augmentative and inoculative biological control in crops from Ecuador.
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZPracticas agronómicas para reducir la velocidad de escurrimientos en laderas
http://dspace.utb.edu.ec/handle/49000/15115
Practicas agronómicas para reducir la velocidad de escurrimientos en laderas
Arreaga Morán, Reinaldo Clemente
El escurrimiento en laderas con frecuencia es uno de los problemas que se ha venido presentado, se inicia cuando tanto la capacidad de almacenamiento de la superficie como el poder de intercepción de la flora se han agotado; a partir de entonces surge la película de agua que discurre sobre la superficie y que erosiona el suelo, dado que fluye hacia los niveles más bajos del suelo agrícola. La presente investigación fue parafraseada, simplificada y sometida a un estudio en la cual se analizaron los principios elementales y la trascendencia de las prácticas agronómicas para reducir la velocidad de los escurrimientos en laderas. Por lo anteriormente detallado se determinó lo siguiente: Las practicas agronómicas permiten reducir la velocidad de escurrimientos en laderas mediante un sistema de conservación de suelos que complementa y combina obras estructurales, medidas agronómicas de fertilidad y agroforestales; este sistema radica en su aplicación inmediata para tener éxito en la protección de los suelos de ladera. Las barreras vivas consisten en la implementación de vegetación perenne (árboles o arbustos) construidas en pendientes a lo largo del talud del terreno, su finalidad es reducir el caudal de agua sobre su superficie a la vez que capturan y retienen el suelo. El efecto de la labranza en fajas sobre el control de la erosión se basa en tres principios: Diferente densidad de cultivos utilizados; separación de áreas inclinadas y disposición de los contornos de las plantas. La efectividad de las fajinas depende de la cantidad de sedimentos que puede llegar a almacenar, y disminuyendo ésta conforme se va asentando; solamente es efectiva en las primeras precipitaciones y en aquellas que son de baja intensidad, no presentando ningún beneficio cuando las precipitaciones son de alta intensidad. La siembra en contorno permite reducir la pendiente natural del suelo plantando en curvas de nivel; este es un enfoque simple que requiere una inversión inicial baja y puede controlar eficazmente la erosión hídrica.
Hillside runoff is one of the problems that has been occurring frequently, it starts when both the storage capacity of the surface and the interception power of the flora have been exhausted; from then on, a film of water flows over the surface and erodes the soil, since it flows towards the lower levels of the agricultural soil. The present research was paraphrased, simplified and subjected to a study in which the elementary principles and the importance of agronomic practices to reduce the velocity of runoff on slopes were analyzed. Based on the above, the following was determined: Agronomic practices make it possible to reduce the speed of runoff on slopes by means of a soil conservation system that complements and combines structural works, agronomic fertility measures and agroforestry; this system lies in its immediate application to be successful in the protection of slope soils. Living barriers consist of the implementation of perennial vegetation (trees or shrubs) built on slopes along the slope, their purpose is to reduce the flow of water on its surface while capturing and retaining the soil. The effect of strip tillage on erosion control is based on three principles: Different density of crops used; separation of sloping areas; and arrangement of plant contours. The effectiveness of the strips depends on the amount of sediment that can be stored, decreasing as it settles; it is only effective in the first rainfall and in those of low intensity, presenting no benefit when the rainfall is of high intensity. Contour seeding allows reducing the natural slope of the soil by planting on contour lines; this is a simple approach that requires a low initial investment and can effectively control water erosion.; Hillside runoff is one of the problems that has been occurring frequently, it starts when both the storage capacity of the surface and the interception power of the flora have been exhausted; from then on, a film of water flows over the surface and erodes the soil, since it flows towards the lower levels of the agricultural soil. The present research was paraphrased, simplified and subjected to a study in which the elementary principles and the importance of agronomic practices to reduce the velocity of runoff on slopes were analyzed. Based on the above, the following was determined: Agronomic practices make it possible to reduce the speed of runoff on slopes by means of a soil conservation system that complements and combines structural works, agronomic fertility measures and agroforestry; this system lies in its immediate application to be successful in the protection of slope soils. Living barriers consist of the implementation of perennial vegetation (trees or shrubs) built on slopes along the slope, their purpose is to reduce the flow of water on its surface while capturing and retaining the soil. The effect of strip tillage on erosion control is based on three principles: Different density of crops used; separation of sloping areas; and arrangement of plant contours. The effectiveness of the strips depends on the amount of sediment that can be stored, decreasing as it settles; it is only effective in the first rainfall and in those of low intensity, presenting no benefit when the rainfall is of high intensity. Contour seeding allows reducing the natural slope of the soil by planting on contour lines; this is a simple approach that requires a low initial investment and can effectively control water erosion.
2023-01-01T00:00:00Z